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The incidence of sexual coercion in the different categories of violence is shown as absolute numbers and percentages. Possible associations between sexual coercion and other types of partner violence were tested using the chi-square method. For groups with small sample sizes, we used the Fisher or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.

To test whether an increased level of violence is associated with a higher incidence of sexual coercion, we used the Mantel-Haenszel trend test. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to establish whether background variables were evenly distributed among the women who had and had not been subjected to sexual coercion.

Participation was voluntary and anonymised, and was in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. REC granted permission for us to only include women, since a population sample that also included men would have required a significantly larger sample and thus incurred very high costs. The first page of the questionnaire contained the telephone number of the researcher first author so that participants could call if they wanted to talk to the researcher.

This opportunity to talk to the researcher was given in an attempt to increase the response rate, which is generally low in such surveys.

The letter of information stated that participation was voluntary. In the random sample of women between the ages of 18 and 70, answered the questionnaire. Of these, were living with or had lived with a partner and were included in the study. The mean age was A total of 5. There were no significant differences in age, education, labour force participation, nationality or number of children among the women who had or who had not been subjected to sexual coercion.

Among those who had received death threats from a partner or had been threatened with a knife or other weapon by a partner, 50 per cent had also experienced sexual coercion. One-third of those who had been stalked Among those who had been subjected to life-threatening violence by a partner, such as their head being banged against the floor, There was also a significant trend showing the more often women had experienced various acts of dominance and isolation or emotional and verbal abuse, the more likely they were to be subjected to sexual coercion Tables 2 and 3.

Among those whose partner had often or very often tried to make them believe they were insane, All of the women who had been subjected to sexual violence had experienced one or more acts of psychological or physical violence. Six of the twelve questions about actions by a partner that make it difficult to stay in paid employment were significantly associated with sexual coercion. Among those who were often or very often late for work or had to leave work early, 25 per cent reported sexual coercion, while this was the case for 75 per cent of those who often or very often were unable to participate in social activities in connection with work Table 4.

This study shows that sexual coercion does not happen in isolation, but within a pattern of violence in marriage or cohabiting relationships. At the same time, it is important to point out that most people exposed to psychological and physical violence by a partner do not report sexual coercion.

However, we see that when sexual violence occurs, half of the women receive death threats from their partner and one-third report serious physical violence, such as strangulation. All acts involving psychological violence, such as dominance or control and emotional or verbal abuse are associated with sexual coercion. Thus, sexual coercion in marriage or cohabitating relationships represents a type of violence that is difficult to define as episodic violence Episodic violence refers to situational anger in equal relationships.

Intimate terrorism occurs where one party is systematically violent and controlling. Systematic violence means that many different types of violence occur in parallel and that actions are repeated. Insecurity is therefore a major feature in the lives of victims of violence. Violent acts that are part of a recurring pattern over time have a major impact on the health of the victims.

Documentation of various types of acts of violence is vital in the context of criminal justice Our study shows that sexual coercion is associated with actions that make it difficult to stay in paid employment. For example, the partner prevents the woman from getting to work on time or repeatedly fails to collect their children from nursery. They do not let the woman participate in social activities at work and become more and more jealous and critical.

Sexual coercion is also associated with fear that the partner will pay a visit to the woman at work. The correlation between intimate partner violence and difficulties staying in paid employment is not well documented in previous studies, and the findings of this study are therefore important. Income throughout working life impacts on pensions, credit rating and activities in society as well as the experience of being recognised as an independent subject Isolation from friends as well as control of money and appearance are also associated with sexual violence by a husband or cohabitant in the study by Basile In our study, all physical acts of violence are associated with sexual coercion.

Very serious violence, such as threats using a knife or other weapon, was reported by half of those who had experienced sexual coercion. Sexual coercion is therefore often associated with other violence in marriage or cohabiting relationships, which implies a more serious pattern of violence.

Such patterns of violence can have consequences in terms of health and criminal justice. In a study of women at Norwegian refuge shelters 14 , sexual coercion by a partner was associated with other serious physical and psychological violence, such as violence against pregnant women, dominance and isolation, as well as biting, hair pulling and twisting of the arm Sexual coercion occurs in conjunction with many other types of violence and very serious violence, including in our population sample.

Our study is a cross-sectional study that does not examine causality or whether other violence occurs before or after sexual violence. However, other studies show that sexual coercion can take place after other forms of psychological or physical violence 23, Women describe how the man wants sex after an episode of violence, as a comfort when he regrets his actions and wants reconciliation, and as an escape from the disturbing fact that he has subjected his spouse or cohabitant to serious acts of violence.

Women who experience violence also report that they believe the men enjoy this kind of sex, despite the women being coerced into it Whether the sexual acts can be defined as coercion, i. In such cases, it is often the credibility of the victim versus that of the defendant that becomes the determining factor. Our study shows that none of those who have experienced sexual coercion have evaded other forms of dominance and isolation, emotional and verbal abuse or physical violence.

According to WHO, there are norms that support violence against women, such as that a man has a right to assert power over a woman, and that sexual activity including rape is a marker of masculinity When sexual coercion occurs within marriage or cohabiting relationships, the acts are often not defined as rape or abuse, either by the victim or society in general, even though the law is clear on this point. This may be due to the fact that, historically, women are often conditioned to think that a husband or cohabitant is entitled to have sex whenever they wish 23, The response rate in our study is too low for the incidence of 5.

However, Norwegian population surveys, which pose the same questions about sexual coercion, report a similar occurrence 5, A low response rate is less significant in studies examining associations between different variables. Low response rates are not uncommon in studies of taboo subjects. Women exposed to the most serious violence rarely respond to surveys as they are afraid of reprisals by their partner. Violence in close relationships is usually hidden in our society and is associated with shame.

The victims are often told that no one must know what is happening behind the four walls of their home. The private sphere is also traditionally regarded as something that should not be revealed if it puts the family in a bad light. If the victim speaks out about the violence, the perpetrator also loses some of their control. The experience of losing control increases the risk of violence. One study shows that the more serious the violence that women had been exposed to, the less often they would respond to questionnaires, even when the man was in a separate room, but nearby The low response rate means that the study results must be interpreted with caution.

The strengths of the study are that the questions have previously been asked and validated and that the sample is random. Knowledge that sexual coercion occurs in conjunction with other intimate partner violence will have implications for nursing approaches to the victims of violence and in the work of detection or mapping, risk assessment, safety planning and forensic medicine documentation.

If a woman says that her husband refuses to let her study or work, it is important to ask if there are other ways he controls and asserts his power over her. Minor injuries like bruising, swelling and grazes can also be due to intimate partner violence. It is therefore important that nurses know the best way to identify partner violence. Knowledge of the correlation between psychological and physical violence and actions that make it difficult to stay in paid employment means that nurses must ask questions that include all forms of partner violence.

Likewise, identifying sexual coercion will trigger questions about other partner violence. In order for the women to feel taken care of, the way that healthcare personnel ask questions and the surrounding framework are essential elements 26, Safety planning and risk assessment, as well as secure and accurate record keeping, are also vital in the context of forensic medicine 27, In forensic medicine documentation and in connection with applications for victim compensation, records and other documentation in the form of photos and evidence are of great importance.

Although the forensic medicine declarations are mainly written by doctors in Norway, nurses can help to identify violence in close relationships and to ensure that it is communicated to the doctor and referral centre where relevant, which have good expertise in forensic medicine documentation Most victims of sexual and other violence by a partner need medical care and help to establish a life free from violence.

Sexual coercion by husbands or cohabitants against women occurs together with psychological and physical violence. Sexual coercion also occurs in conjunction with actions that make it difficult for the women to stay in paid employment. NOU Fra ord til handling. Bekjempelse av voldtekt krever handling. Oslo: Justis- og politidepartementet; Silenced suffering: The need for a better understanding of partner sexual violence.

Lov 1. Folkehelserapporten Helsetilstanden i Norge. Oslo: rapport Vold mot kvinner i Norge. Vold i parforhold. NIBR-rapport Oslo: Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning; Forebygging og bekjempelse av vold i nære relasjoner. World report on violence and health. Genève: WHO; Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence and women's physical, mental, and social functioning. Am J Prev Med. Somatic symptoms and diseases are more common in women exposed to violence.

J Gen Intern Med. Markers for domestic violence in women. J Accid Emerg Med. Campbell JC, Alford P. The dark consequences of marital rape. Am J Nurs. Thoresen S, Hjemdal OK. Vold og voldtekt i Norge. En nasjonal forekomststudie av vold i et livsløpsperspektiv. Oslo: Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress; Sexual assault and other types of violence in intimate partner relationships.

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Domestic violence and mental health. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; Vold i parforhold kan gjøre lønnsarbeid vanskelig. Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning.

How has living with intimate partner violence affected the work situation? A qualitative study among abused women in Norway. Journal of Family Violence. Tolman R. The validation of the psychological maltreatment of women inventory. Categories: Kontaktannonser Pornofilmer. Thai massasje stord online dating. Girls oslo Sex sandnes escorte date. Gratis online dating free dating site 10, gratis anonym dating hilde sex med meg jeg.

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