Magne paradise - Your fridge magnets shop - Magnet Paradise

Triana har farget håret, tror jeg. Det er rødt i hvert fall. Et tydelig tegn på at enden er nær. Glenn går foran gruppen. I har hatt et hemmelig oppdrag, sannheten e at i e homofil. Kanskje han ser for seg en ny beundrer. Men sannsynligvis ser han bare sitt snitt til å fortelle verden hvor utrolig greit han syns homofili er , det er fantastisk raust.

Selv syns jeg homofili er så greit at jeg rett og slett klapper i hendene hver gang jeg hører om noen som er noe annet enn hetero. Tror kanskje Magne og  jeg er de i verden som syns homofili er aller greiest. Erik er bekymret fordi han rotet med homsen applaus kvelden før. Men først og fremst syns han «Det e jævla sporty gjort a Glenn.

Å være homo? Han splitter Magne og Louis , Louis havner på solo. Men neida, for helsike. Føkkings tvist. Louis , du kan velge deg en jente. Da kommer gutten til meg og velger seg en partner av samme kjønn, til alle har fått en partner bortsett fra én, som må på solo. Isabell havner på solo. Hun gjør det så lett å heie på henne. Det er jo egentlig litt spennende. Ikke seksuelt liks, men taktisk.

Det er forresten ganske driti ut for Glenn hvordan han faller for lurendreieriet til Magne , gleder meg til han får se at Magne er sånn med alle. Selvfølgelig blir Tina lesbetypen med snowboardklær, verdens mest irriterende stil.

Patrik har på seg kjole. Han har forresten begynt å irritere meg nå. Han går liksom bare rundt og er kjekk, han. Det holder jo for faen ikke. Det er dritkjedelig. Magne blir smurt inn med olje og kliner med Glenn. Magne har på seg cowboykostyme og syns ikke han selv er så veldig stygg, akkurat.

Erik gir en lap dance til Glenn. Så blir han utfordret til å kline med Louis. Dette blir for mykje for bygdegutten. Med god grunn, syns jeg. Magne , Louis , Tina og Charlotta går på verandaen for å baksnakke bygdegutten.

Tina er lei av ham på sin helt egne, overdrevne måte. Stjernespillerne Birger og KriRe er begge enige om at «Vi e de smarteste spellerne og æ ana ugla i mosa, for æ kjenne mange homofile, men de spring ikke aktivt rundt for å kline med jentan. Magne og Glenn flørter, «Kjekk, jeg? Hehe, jeg må by på de kvalitetene jeg har har. Hva i alle dager er poenget med det, Magne?

Hva er poenget med Magne? Ikke kast bort tid på å lete etter godbitene fra de ulike strømmetjenestene. Denne filmen tar for seg virkelige hendelser fra , da 19 tenåringer i alderen 15 til 20 år, flesteparten av dem fra Groruddalen i Oslo, ble tiltalt for å ha ranet andre barn. Vi har begått skrekk — og resultatet er skrekkelig. TV Paradise Hotel dag Magne digger homofili så mye at vi andre virker homofobe 7.

Ja, forviklingene har for det meste dreid seg rundt klining. Og se hva Magne har laget. Triana bare «det blir en parsplitt utenom det vanlige i dag. Les også : «Paradise»-vinnerne skal spare premiepengene. Mange tenker litt annerledes om deltakelsen nå enn da de var 20 år.

Likevel har ingen av dem vi har pratet med, slitt med å få seg jobb etter å ha vært på TV. VG har dessverre ikke klart å få svar eller oppnå kontakt med noen fra den aller første sesongen av serien. Her er svarene vi har fått:.

Dro til Rhodos etter at det var sendt på TV og ble der i dager. Ble sponset av en nattklubb og fikk 50 euro dagen, samt bo og drikke gratis. Jobben besto i å drikke tre timer daglig og vise ansiktet mitt.

Også her i Norge har jeg blitt betalt for å delta på fester i ettertid. Ting går bra fortsatt, og jeg har hatt det gøy. Ja, jeg hadde sex på hotellet, og har ikke noe problem med det.

Det har ikke fått noen konsekvenser for jobb eller livet generelt. I tillegg har jeg fått flyskrekk i det siste, så den lange turen frister ikke. Det verste var at jeg ikke vant de I tillegg bruker jeg fortsatt mye tid på hester, akkurat som jeg gjorde før «Paradise Hotel».

Du står ganske fritt til å avgjøre hvor mye deltakelsen på «Paradise Hotel» skal få styre livet ditt i etterkant, og jeg har ikke latt det påvirke mitt liv noe særlig.

Jeg gjorde ikke så mye galt, og jeg føler jeg gjorde en grei figur der inne. Selv om jeg ikke angrer på noe jeg gjorde, har programmet blitt noe negativt.

Jeg var med i en tidlig sesong og trodde ikke at det skulle handle så mye om sex og fyll som det gjør nå. Jeg møter ikke de andre deltakerne så ofte lenger, men vi snakkes litt iblant. Det mest negative er å assosieres med programmets dårlige rykte. Når man er så ung, tenker man ikke nok på konsekvensene av å drikke seg full og drite seg ut på TV.

Les også : Gikk opp fem kilo på «hotellet». Hele turen var egentlig bare en ferie for meg, og jeg hadde gjort en tydelig avtale med sjefen før jeg dro. I tillegg har jeg begynt å spille fotball for Konnerud igjen. Det er selvfølgelig folk som kjenner meg igjen på gata og når jeg er ute og fester, men jeg får aldri slengt dritt etter meg. Jeg gikk inn med en innstilling om at jeg ikke skulle angre på noe, og det føler jeg at jeg fikk til.

Jeg ser egentlig ingen negative sider med å ha vært med på Paradise Hotel. Les også : «Paradise Hotel»-deltager: —«Tinder» er en sexapp. Vi reiste rundt på forskjellige arrangementer og utesteder og slikt, også tjente vi litt penger på det. I tillegg lagde jeg en sang Keep on Trying med Maria deltaker samme sesong og Lloyd Farmen-deltaker , og dro på turné med den.

Etter hvert har jeg falt tilbake til et normalt liv med vanlige arbeidstider og fri i helgene. Favoritthobbyen er å drikke vin og være med venner eller hundene mine. Egentlig angrer jeg ikke så veldig på noe som helst, men jeg skulle ønske jeg var litt mer ydmyk i starten av sesongen.

Det er lett å bli høy på seg selv når man har litt makt. Jeg er fornøyd med at jeg sendte den. Man kjenner på noen følelser inni seg som man ikke møter i hverdagen. Du lærer særlig mye av å seg deg selv på TV. Jeg analyserer fortsatt andre mennesker mye i hverdagen, og det tror jeg er en god egenskap.

Det som ikke er så hyggelig, er at man føler seg veldig stemplet i mange situasjoner. Det er mange fordommer ute og går, så jeg er nødt til å motbevise fordommene hele tiden. Det ble også tatt opp da jeg søkte på den jobben jeg har nå, men det ble heldigvis ikke avgjørende.

Ingen ser på meg som en Paradise hotel-deltaker på jobben. Les også : Donerer pengepremien til kreftforeningen. Den blir oftest dratt opp i morsomme sammenhenger, men det kan bli irriterende at det er det jeg gjenkjennes for, ikke at jeg vant.

Deltagelsen har to sider. Jeg har fått veldig mye positivt ut av det, men noen ganger er det slitsomt å bli gjenkjent. Som åring hadde jeg nok gjort det igjen, men ikke som åring. Det vil jeg gjerne fortsette med også, når jeg skal ta utdannelse videre. Det verste er at du er forhåndsdømt hos mange. Jeg bruker mye krefter på å overbevise folk om at fordommene de har om «Paradise Hotel» deltagere ikke stemmer om meg. Les også : Vida angrer ikke på trekantonaneringen.

Jeg har jobbet med bloggen, og med klesmerket StyleConnection. Jeg føler at jeg nå er mer kjent for konseptet StyleConnection og bloggen, enn for «Paradise Hotel». Jeg var 25 år da jeg reiste dit, derfor hadde jeg nok klarere regler for meg selv på hvordan jeg skulle være enn om jeg hadde vært Jeg er veldig glad for at jeg ikke hadde sex der inne, selv om det hadde vært med Dennis som jeg ble sammen med i etterkant.

Jeg hadde kanskje blitt med på en reunionsesong, men da er settingen annerledes. Jeg meldte meg heller ikke på selv, så tanken om Paradise hadde ikke slått meg før jeg fikk en telefon fra produksjonsselskapet.

Det verste er den båsen du blir satt i. Folk rynker litt på nesen når de hører at du har vært med i «Paradise Hotel». Les også : «Paradise»-par blir samboere.

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Charlemagne died in and was laid to rest in Aachen Cathedral in his imperial capital city of Aachen. He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons who lived to adulthood, but only the youngest of them, Louis the Pious , survived to succeed him. He also had numerous illegitimate children with his concubines. The epithet Carolus Magnus was widely used, leading to numerous translations into many languages of Europe.

Charles' achievements gave a new meaning to his name. In many languages of Europe , the very word for "king" derives from his name; e. This development parallels that of the name of the Caesars in the original Roman Empire, which became kaiser and tsar or czar , among others.

By the 6th century, the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised , due in considerable measure to the Catholic conversion of Clovis I. In , Pepin of Herstal , mayor of the palace of Austrasia , ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry.

After , Charles governed the Franks in lieu of a king and declined to call himself king. Charles was succeeded in by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne. In , the brothers placed Childeric III on the throne to curb separatism in the periphery. He was the last Merovingian king. Carloman resigned office in , preferring to enter the church as a monk. Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary , asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power.

The pope handed down his decision in , decreeing that it was better for Pepin to be called king, as he had the powers of high office as Mayor, so as not to confuse the hierarchy. He, therefore, ordered him to become the true king.

In , Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop, and then raised to the office of king. The Merovingian dynasty was thereby replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Charles Martel. He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return, the pope could provide only legitimacy. He did this by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time adding his young sons Carolus Charlemagne and Carloman to the royal patrimony. They thereby became heirs to the realm that already covered most of western Europe.

In , Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards. Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe; the east-west division of the kingdom formed the basis for modern France and Germany. Orman [20] portrays the Treaty of Verdun between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king Charles the Bald ; an independent Germany under its first king Louis the German ; and an independent intermediate state stretching from the Low Countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I , who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction.

The middle kingdom had broken up by and partly absorbed into the Western kingdom later France and the Eastern kingdom Germany and the rest developing into smaller "buffer" nations that exist between France and Germany to this day, namely the Benelux and Switzerland. The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from several sources. The date of —calculated from Einhard 's date of death of January at age 72—predates the marriage of his parents in The year given in the Annales Petaviani , , would be more likely, except that it contradicts Einhard and a few other sources in making Charlemagne sixty-seven years old at his death.

The month and day of 2 April are based on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey. In , Easter fell on 2 April, a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not. The date favoured by the preponderance of evidence [6] is 2 April , based on Charlemagne's age at the time of his death. Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège Herstal in present-day Belgium as possible locations.

No definitive evidence resolves the question. Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short  — 24 September , reigned from and his wife Bertrada of Laon  — 12 July  , daughter of Caribert of Laon.

Many historians consider Charlemagne Charles to have been illegitimate, although some state that this is arguable, [26] because Pepin did not marry Bertrada until , which was after Charles' birth; this status did not exclude him from the succession.

Records name only Carloman , Gisela , and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings. It would be folly, I think, to write a word concerning Charles' birth and infancy, or even his boyhood, for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it. The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace Maior Domus and one or more kings rex , reges , were appointed by the election of the people.

Elections were not periodic, but were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat , "to whom the highest matters of state pertained". Evidently, interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified using an assembly of the people that met annually. Before he was elected king in , Pepin was initially a mayor, a high office he held "as though hereditary" velut hereditario fungebatur.

Einhard explains that "the honour" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great and his brother Carloman the Wise received it as though hereditary, as had their father, Charles Martel. There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.

When Carloman decided to resign, becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino , [33] the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope. He converted the mayorship into a kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who gained the right to pass it on by inheritance.

This decision was not accepted by all family members. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death. By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favour of his cousin Charles. He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo , a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action.

Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody. On the death of Pepin, 24 September , the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" divino nutu. The Franks "in general assembly" generali conventu gave them both the rank of a king reges but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur. The annals [37] tell a slightly different version, with the king dying at St-Denis , near Paris.

The two "lords" domni were "elevated to kingship" elevati sunt in regnum , Charles on 9 October in Noyon , Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons.

If born in , Charles was 26 years old, but he had been campaigning at his father's right hand for several years, which may help to account for his military skill. Carloman was The language, in either case, suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman.

As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria , western Aquitaine , and the northern parts of Austrasia ; while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania , eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy , Provence, and Swabia , lands bordering Italy. The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled.

It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms. Aquitaine under Rome had been in southern Gaul , Romanised and speaking a Romance language. Similarly, Hispania had been populated by peoples who spoke various languages, including Celtic , but the area was now populated primarily by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitaine and Hispania were the Euskaldunak , Latinised to Vascones , or Basques , [38] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.

The Romans were never able to entirely subject Vasconia. The parts they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities. The border with Aquitaine was Toulouse. At about , the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitaine to form a single realm under Felix of Aquitaine , governing from Toulouse.

This was a joint kingship with a Basque Duke, Lupus I. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf". As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance but practised primogeniture , Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque rulers of an expanded Aquitaine.

The Latin chronicles of the end of Visigothic Hispania omit many details, such as identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of numerous contradictions. Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition.

According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya [43] Wittiza , the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons, Almund, Romulo, and Ardabast reached maturity. Their mother was queen regent at Toledo , but Roderic , army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Córdoba. He chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.

If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens , then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila. The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably modern Portugal.

The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania , only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitaine, always the allies of the Goths. Odo the Great of Aquitaine was at first victorious at the Battle of Toulouse in They took Bordeaux and were advancing towards Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel , mayor of the Franks.

In one of the first of the lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers , and in the Battle of Tours decisively defeated and killed al-Ghafiqi.

The Moors returned twice more, each time suffering defeat at Charles' hands—at the River Berre near Narbonne in [46] and in the Dauphiné in After the death of his father, Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy. However, Odo had ambiguously left the kingdom jointly to his two sons, Hunald and Hatto. The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession.

Victorious, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance. The story is told in Annales Mettenses priores. Waifer decided to honour it, repeating his father's decision, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death.

Since Aquitaine was now Pepin's inheritance because of the earlier assistance that was given by Charles Martel, according to some the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him. Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria, but Pepin replaced him with a member of the ducal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father.

The loyalty of the Agilolfings was perpetually in question, but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga , a daughter of Desiderius , king of Lombardy. At a critical point in the campaign, Tassilo left the field with all his Bavarians. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.

The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons , in , in that territory split between the two kings. One year earlier, Pepin had finally defeated Waifer , Duke of Aquitaine , after waging a destructive, ten-year war against Aquitaine. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy.

Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux , where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace, and Hunald was put in a monastery. Gascon lords also surrendered, and Aquitaine and Gascony were finally fully subdued by the Franks. The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess commonly known today as Desiderata , the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies.

Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata and married a year-old Swabian named Hildegard. The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia. Her father's wrath was now aroused, and he would have gladly allied with Carloman to defeat Charles.

Before any open hostilities could be declared, however, Carloman died on 5 December , apparently of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court with her sons for protection. Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines. In addition, he had a grandson Bernard of Italy , the only son of his third son, Pepin of Italy , who was illegitimate but included in the line of inheritance. Among his descendants are several royal dynasties, including the Habsburg , Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties.

By consequence, most if not all established European noble families ever since can genealogically trace some of their background to Charlemagne. During the first peace of any substantial length — , Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority. In , during a visit to Rome, he made his two youngest sons kings, crowned by the Pope.

The younger of the two, Louis , became King of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pepin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but kept the real power, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms.

He did not tolerate insubordination in his sons: in , he banished Pepin the Hunchback to Prüm Abbey because the young man had joined a rebellion against him. Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters, as his parents had instilled the importance of learning in him at an early age.

The sons fought many wars on behalf of their father. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down. He also fought the Saxons on multiple occasions. In and , he was sent into the Böhmerwald modern Bohemia to deal with the Slavs living there Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs.

He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing tribute from them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders and fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and fought the Duke of Benevento in southern Italy on at least one occasion.

He took Barcelona in a great siege in Charlemagne kept his daughters at home with him and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages though he originally condoned an engagement between his eldest daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI of Byzantium, this engagement was annulled when Rotrude was However, he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands and treasuring the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him.

He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behaviour. After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert , a member of Charlemagne's court circle. At his succession in , Pope Adrian I demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna in accordance with a promise at the succession of Desiderius.

Instead, Desiderius took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis , heading for Rome. Adrian sent ambassadors to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin. Desiderius sent his own ambassadors denying the pope's charges.

The ambassadors met at Thionville , and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply.

Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V , who was waging war with Bulgaria. The siege lasted until the spring of when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land , [57] with some later chronicles falsely claiming that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany , Emilia , Venice and Corsica.

The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering. In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer. Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie , and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople , a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy pay homage to him at Pavia.

Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year. Instability continued in Italy. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain.

Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium , never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his. In , Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento , [65] where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps.

Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory. The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable.

After the defeat and death of Waiofar in , while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in led by Hunald II, a possible son of Waifer.

He took refuge with the ally Duke Lupus II of Gascony , but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, Lupus handed him over to the new King of the Franks to whom he pledged loyalty, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne. Wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to contain Duke Lupus's power by appointing Seguin as the Count of Bordeaux and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas Toulouse , County of Fézensac.

The Basque Duke, in turn, seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass referred to as "Basque treachery". The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux confirmed his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine ruled by Louis the Pious based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as an ally.

A Christianisation programme was put in place across the high Pyrenees The new political arrangement for Vasconia did not sit well with local lords. He was eventually released, but Charlemagne, enraged at the compromise, decided to depose him and appointed his trustee William of Gellone. William, in turn, fought the Basques and defeated them after banishing Adalric From Pallars , Ribagorça to Pamplona under Frankish influence , taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne asserted Frankish authority over the Pyrenees by subduing the south-western marches of Toulouse and establishing vassal counties on the southern Pyrenees that were to make up the Marca Hispanica.

Belasko and the counties in the Marca Hispánica provided the necessary base to attack the Andalusians an expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in Events in the Duchy of Vasconia rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown in Aragon , Duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc. These "Saracen" Moorish and Muladi rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support.

Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him.

Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him to retreat. He decided to go home since he could not trust the Basques , whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona.

He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his reign occurred. The Basques attacked and destroyed his rearguard and baggage train. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass , though less a battle than a skirmish, left many famous dead, including the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March , Roland , inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland La Chanson de Roland.

The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who, at the time, controlled the Mediterranean. Charlemagne's eldest son, Pepin the Hunchback , was much occupied with Saracens in Italy.

Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in the Balearic Islands. The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates, but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany Boniface controlled them with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne's reign. Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad. In or possibly , the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid , presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas and a clock.

In Hispania , the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign. Louis was in charge of the Spanish border. In , his men captured Girona permanently and extended Frankish control into the Catalan littoral for the duration of Charlemagne's reign the area remained nominally Frankish until the Treaty of Corbeil in The Muslim chiefs in the northeast of Islamic Spain were constantly rebelling against Cordovan authority, and they often turned to the Franks for help.

The Frankish border was slowly extended until , when Girona, Cardona , Ausona and Urgell were united into the new Spanish March , within the old duchy of Septimania. In , Barcelona , the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from to , when it capitulated.

The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They took Tarragona in and Tortosa in The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia , prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognise their conquests in Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant warfare throughout his reign, [71] often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons.

In the Saxon Wars , spanning thirty years and eighteen battles, he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert it to Christianity. The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia. Between them was Engria and north of these three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia. In his first campaign, in , Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn.

He returned in , marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity.

Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg , which had been important Saxon bastions. He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but Saxon resistance had not ended. Following his subjugation of the Dukes of Friuli and Spoleto, Charlemagne returned rapidly to Saxony in , where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg.

The Saxons were once again defeated, but their main leader, Widukind , escaped to Denmark, his wife's home. Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In , he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised as Christians.

In the summer of , he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia, Engria and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippe , he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms He then returned to Italy and, for the first time, the Saxons did not immediately revolt.

Saxony was peaceful from to He returned to Saxony in and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were draconian on religious issues; for example, the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity.

This led to renewed conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a new revolt. In response, at Verden in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4, Saxon prisoners by beheading, known as the Massacre of Verden "Verdener Blutgericht".

The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare. During this war, the East Frisians between the Lauwers and the Weser joined the Saxons in revolt and were finally subdued. Charlemagne also promulgated a law code, the Lex Frisonum , as he did for most subject peoples.

Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in Westphalia again rebelled. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in , but the insurrection was unpopular and was put down by An Engrian rebellion followed in , but the presence of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection occurred in , more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them, but also failed.

According to Einhard:. The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. By , Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy , and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown, placing the Papal States under Frankish protection.

The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars. In , Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges. In , the Avars , an Asian nomadic group that had settled down in what is today Hungary Einhard called them Huns , invaded Friuli and Bavaria.

Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr. A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia.

The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied, along with the Slavs, against the Saxons. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice.

The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital, Aachen , and redistributed to his followers and to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. Soon the Avar tuduns had lost the will to fight and travelled to Aachen to become vassals to Charlemagne and to become Christians. Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan.

Abraham kept his people in line, but in , the Bulgarians under Khan Krum attacked the remains of the Avar state.

In , Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia , defeating and bringing an end to the Avar confederation. In November of the same year, Charlemagne went to Regensburg where the Avar leaders acknowledged him as their ruler.

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During the Early Middle Ageshe united the majority of western and central Europe. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Xxx 2 Roman Magne paradise three centuries earlier. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laonborn before their canonical marriage.